Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America (ESA), Indianapolis 13-16 December, 2009.

 


The insect and the damage to the host pine tree.

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photo courtesy: Vassilios  Roussis, Anna Papazoglou

 
 
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Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 1. The insect Marchalina hellenica Gennadius, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Margarodidae and the damage on pine trees. [a] Two pines scale insects in L3 instar. The pine scale is an all female parthenogenetic insect in Attica. The sex ratio becomes 0.3 on Crete Isl. The cottony cover is excreted by small dorsal apertures and the honeydew from the anal gland close to anus. [b] The insect is well protected within the cottony shelter from, sun rays, rain, wind, natural enemies. [c] Bees exploit the honey dew at a season of the year when there no other food sources and the insect is considered beneficial to apiculture. [d] Eggmass of a single female. [e] Eggs from one female. They are easily removed from the cottony mass. [f] The pine scale causes extensive damage to pine trees summarized by increased transparency of the foliage (Mt Hymettus site). [g] The trunk of all pine trees is black from fungi exploiting the remaining honeydew (Panepistemio site). [h] Some pine species are considered to be not infested by the pine scale because of their terpene profile (Petrakis et al., 2009). This branch is an infested Pinus pinea planted in Thracomacedones site from an unknown seed source with a volatile profile much poorer than that from the wild populations of Attica Schinias-Marathon site).

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 2. P. halepensis trees categorized (Mt Parnis site) to three damage classes inferred by the transparency of the crown. a = light or no damage of the crown b = moderate damage c = heavy damage or tree moribund [all trees have pine scales on the bole at different coverage of pine scale cottony masses.]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: a

 

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Πλαίσιο κειμένου: b

Επεξήγηση με γραμμή 3: Female conesΕπεξήγηση με γραμμή 3: Pine scale cottony masses on the bole. They are usually underneath dead bark tissues.MhImages\Parnis2005_Evbb=1(24).JPG

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: c

 

Επεξήγηση με γραμμή 3: Pine scale cottony masses on the bole. They are usually underneath dead bark tissues.Επεξήγηση με γραμμή 3: Female conesMhImages\Parnis2005_Evbb=2.JPG

 

Where

 

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Map of Attica
Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Map of Greece
 


HellasS Mh.bmp

 

 

 

 

 

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 3. Map showing Attica and the relative position of sites (pine scale free and infested) given in numbers. Site numbers are: 1. Mt Parnis 2. Sounio 3. Schinias 4. Villia (Mt Kithairon) 5. Mt Hymettus 6. Mt Penteli 7. Panepistemio 8. Thracomacedones [Data_On_The_Map GIS system (Chartwrite, Lund, Sweden)].


 

 

 

How

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 4. In each of eight Pinus halepensis forests two transects were positioned one in pine scale infested (PSI) and one in a pine scale free (PSF). Each site was sampled by a central transect line with 1/10 hectare sub-plots having random xi (expanded) in the interval [0, L] meters and random yi in the interval [-50, +50] meters Plant coverage was measured as % in each sub-plot Insect abundances of 158 species were semi-quantitatively estimated by mean catches of 1. pitfall traps (permanent) 2. Malaise traps (six hours every month) 3. Window traps (permanent) 4. Sweep netting (5 min every month in each subplot) 5. Hand collecting 6. Chemical mistblowing with C-permethrin (twice a year)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Επεξήγηση με στρογγυλεμένο παραλληλόγραμμο: No insects were found to indicate these partitions.
 

 


Πλαίσιο κειμένου: PartitionsΠλαίσιο κειμένου: Coastal forests Low Mountains High Mountains Επεξήγηση με στρογγυλεμένο παραλληλόγραμμο: The finer partition (3 nodes) for which indicator insect species were found.

 

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 5. Clustering of pine scale free (PSF) and infested (PSI) sites. The dendrogram is the basic topology on which the Dufrêne-Legendre IndVal method operated. The numbers denote nodes while the numbers characterizing the vertical lines are partitions. The symbol ‘Mh’ denotes an infested site. 

 

 

 

 


Table 1. Species that characterize Partition 3 of the topology of Fig. 5. Only those species with Indication

Value above 80% are included.

Node

Insect species

Niche

1

Coleoptera: Caraboidea

Trechus subnotatus Dejean, 1826

Predator

1

Coleoptera: Coccinelidae

Brumus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Predator

1

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1792)

Wood (dead/weak)

1

Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

Dicochrysa flavifrons (Brauer, 1850)

Predator

1

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Dichillus sp.

Dead matter

1

Coleoptera: Staphylinidae

Quedius (Raphirus) coxalis Kraatz, 1858

Predator

1

Heteroptera: Pentatomidae

Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sucking

1

Coleoptera: Caraboidea

Leistus (Pogonophorus) parvicollis Chaudoir, 1869

Predator

2

Coleoptera: Caraboidea

Carabus (Pachystus) graecus graecus Dejean, 1826

Predator

2

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Tentyria rotundata (Brullé, 1832)

Dead matter

2

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Aphaenogaster simonellii Emery, 1894

Seed eater

2

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Acmaeodera brevipes Kiesenwetter, 1858

Wood (larvae)Flowers (adults)

2

Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae

Ulrike attica (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck 1967)

Predator

2

Coleoptera: Staphylinidae

Ocypus (Ocypus) olens olens (O. Müller, 1764)

Predator

2

Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, 1836

Predator

2

Heteroptera: Lygaeidae

Spilostethus (=Lygaeus) pandurus (Scopoli, 1763)

Sucking (seed)

2

Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae

Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom, 1850)

Sucking (leaf)

2

Heteroptera: Miridae

Macrotylus (Alloeonycha) interpositus Wagner, 1951

Sucking (stem/leaf))

3

Coleoptera: Coccinelidae

Adonia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1756)

Predator

3

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Elateridae un02

Wood (dead/weak)

3

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Acmaeoderella cypriota gerae Volkovitch, 1989

Wood (dead/weak)

3

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Messor orientalis (Emery, 1898)

Seed eater

3

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Akis sp.

Predator

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 6 [1, 2, 3] Rarefaction curves for each site since not all transects had the same number of subplots. X-Axis shows insect individuals actually sampled while y-axis shows the estimation of the expected number of species. The three panels correspond to the groups shown by partition 3 of Fig. 5. The symbol ‘Mh+’ denotes infestation by the pine scale M. hellenica.

[1]
 
 

 

[2]
 
 

 

[3]
 


 
 
Πλαίσιο κειμένου: V-statistic

 

Πλαίσιο κειμένου: Fig. 7. Ewens-Caswell biodiversity-equitability measured by V-statistic in the set of eight sites (16 transects). All sites are plotted in PSF-PSI pairs within a location which corresponds to the same x-grid line. PSF sites are denoted by a circle and PSI sites with a square. The y=0 line is also plotted to separate the sites with negative V values. Negative values of V as a rule correspond to infested pinewoods by the pine scale.